Igice cya 1 -Gukoragupfaibyuma
Ubukonje bukora bupfa ibyuma birimo ibishushanyo byo gukora gukubita no gukata (gupfunyika no gukubita ibishushanyo, gutema ibishushanyo, gukubita, imikasi), imitwe ikonje ikonje, ibishushanyo mbonera bikonje, ibishishwa byunamye, hamwe no gushushanya insinga, nibindi.
1. Imiterere yakazi nibisabwa kugirango ukore ubukonjegupfa ibyuma
Mugihe cyo gukora imirimo ikonjegupfa ibyuma, kubera ihindagurika ryinshi ryibintu bitunganijwe, igice cyakazi cyibumba gifite umuvuduko mwinshi, imbaraga zunama, imbaraga zingaruka, nimbaraga zo guterana.Kubwibyo, impamvu isanzwe yo gukuraho imbeho ikora ikonje mubisanzwe biterwa no kwambara no kurira.Hariho kandi aho binanirwa hakiri kare kubera kuvunika, imbaraga zo gusenyuka, no guhindura ibintu birenze kwihanganira.
Ugereranije no gukata ibikoresho ibyuma, akazi gakonjegupfa ibyumaifite byinshi bisa.Ifumbire isabwa kugira ubukana bwinshi no kwambara birwanya, imbaraga zunamye cyane, hamwe nubukomezi buhagije kugirango iterambere ryimbere neza.Itandukaniro riri muburyo bugoye no gutunganya tekinoloji yububiko, kimwe nubuso bunini bwo guterana kandi birashoboka cyane ko byambara, bikagorana gusana no gusya.Kubwibyo, birasabwa kurwanya cyane kwambara.Iyo ifu ikora, iba ifite umuvuduko mwinshi kandi ikunda guhangayikishwa cyane nuburyo bugoye, bityo bisaba gukomera cyane;Ifumbire ifite ubunini bunini nuburyo bugoye, bisaba rero gukomera cyane, guhindura ibintu bito, hamwe no guturika.Muri make, ibisabwa kugirango bikomere, kwambara birwanya, hamwe no gukomera kumurimo ukonjegupfa ibyumabirarenze ibyo gukata ibikoresho byuma.Nyamara, ibisabwa kugirango ubukomere butukura buringaniye ni buke cyangwa ahanini ntibisabwa (kubera ko bikozwe muburyo bukonje), bityo rero ibyiciro bimwe byibyuma bikwiranye nakazi gakonje nabyo byarakozwe, nko guteza imbere imyambarire myinshi, guhindura mikorobe. akazi gakonjegupfa ibyuman'ubukomere bukabije akazi gakonjegupfa ibyuma.
2. Guhitamo icyiciro
Mubisanzwe, ukurikije imikoreshereze yimiterere yubukonje bukonje, guhitamo amanota yicyuma birashobora kugabanywamo ibintu bine bikurikira:
①Cibishaje bishaje bifite ubunini buto, imiterere yoroshye, nuburemere bworoshye.
Kurugero, uduce duto na kasi yo gukata ibyuma birashobora gukorwa mubyuma bya karubone nka T7A, T8A, T10A, na T12A.Ibyiza by'ubu bwoko bw'ibyuma ni;Gutunganya neza, igiciro gihenze, nisoko yoroshye.Ariko ibibi byayo ni: gukomera guke, kutambara neza, hamwe no kuzimya binini.Kubwibyo, birakwiriye gusa kubikoresho byo gukora bifite ibipimo bito, imiterere yoroshye, hamwe nu mutwaro woroheje, kimwe nubukonje bukonje bukenera urwego ruke rukomeye kandi rukomeye.
Old Ubukonje bukonje bufite ibipimo binini, imiterere igoye, n'imizigo yoroheje.
Ubwoko bwibyuma bikoreshwa cyane birimo ibyuma byo gukata ibyuma bito nka 9SiCr, CrWMn, GCr15, na 9Mn2V.Kuzimya diameter yibi byuma mumavuta mubisanzwe birashobora kugera kuri 40mm.Muri byo, ibyuma 9Mn2V ni ubwoko bwimirimo ikonjegupfa ibyumayateye imbere mubushinwa mumyaka yashize itarimo Cr.Irashobora gusimbuza cyangwa gusimbuza igice ibyuma birimo Cr.
Ubwoko bwa karbide hamwe no kuzimya ibyuma bya 9Mn2V ni bito ugereranije nibyuma bya CrWMn, kandi imyuka ya decarburisation ni ntoya ugereranije nicyuma cya 9SiCr, mugihe gukomera kurenza ibyuma bya karuboni.Igiciro cyacyo kiri hejuru ya 30% gusa kurenza icya nyuma, nuko rero nicyiciro cyicyuma gikwiye kuzamurwa no gukoresha.Nyamara, ibyuma 9Mn2V nabyo bifite bimwe mubitagenda neza, nkingaruka nke zikomeye hamwe no gucika ibintu biboneka mubikorwa no kubikoresha.Byongeyeho, ubushyuhe butajegajega burakennye, kandi ubushyuhe bwubushyuhe ntiburenga 180 ℃.Iyo ushushe kuri 200 ℃, imbaraga zo kugonda no gukomera bitangira kwerekana agaciro gake.
9Mn2V ibyuma birashobora kuzimya mubitangazamakuru bizimya bifite ubushobozi buke bwo gukonjesha nka nitrate n'amavuta ashyushye.Kubibumbano bimwe bisabwa cyane byo guhindura ibintu hamwe no gukenera gukomeye, kuzimya austenitike isothermal kuzimya birashobora gukoreshwa.
Old Ubukonje bukonje bufite ibipimo binini, imiterere igoye, n'imitwaro iremereye.
Icyuma giciriritse cyangwa ibyuma birebire bigomba gukoreshwa, nka Cr12Mo, Crl2MoV, Cr6WV, Cr4W2MoV, nibindi. Byongeye kandi, ibyuma byihuta nabyo birashobora gukoreshwa.
Mu myaka yashize, uburyo bwo gukoresha ibyuma byihuta cyane nkubukonje bukonje bwagiye bwiyongera, ariko twakagombye kwerekana ko muri iki gihe, bitakiri ugukoresha imbaraga zidasanzwe zitukura z’ibyuma byihuta, ariko ahubwo gukomera kwayo no kwihanganira kwambara cyane.Kubwibyo, hagomba no kubaho itandukaniro mubikorwa byo gutunganya ubushyuhe.
Mugihe ukoresheje ibyuma byihuta nkubukonje bukonje, kuzimya ubushyuhe buke bigomba gukoreshwa mugutezimbere ubukana.Kurugero, ubusanzwe ikoreshwa ryubushyuhe bwa W18Cr4V ibikoresho byo gukata ibyuma ni 1280-1290 ℃.Mugihe cyo gukora imbeho ikora, hagomba gukoreshwa ubushyuhe buke kuri 1190 ℃.Urundi rugero ni W6Mo5Cr4V2 ibyuma.Ukoresheje kuzimya ubushyuhe buke, ubuzima bwa serivisi burashobora kunozwa cyane, cyane cyane kugabanya cyane igihombo.
Old Ubukonje bukonje bukorerwa imitwaro kandi ifite icyuho cyoroshye.
Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, ibisabwa mubikorwa byubwoko butatu bwambere bwimirimo ikonje bipfa kuba ibyuma birwanya cyane kwambara, bityo ibyuma bya karubone hypereutectoid ndetse nicyuma cya ledeburite.Nyamara, kubikorwa bimwe bikonje bipfa, nko gukata umunara wuruhande no gupfunyika bipfuye, bifite uduce duto duto kandi bishobora gutwarwa ningaruka iyo bikoreshejwe, birakenewe gukomera cyane.Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, hashobora gufatwa ingamba zikurikira:
Ⅰ-gabanya ibirimo karubone kandi ukoreshe ibyuma bya hypoeutectoid kugirango wirinde kugabanuka gukomera kwibyuma biterwa na karbide yibanze nayisumbuye;
Ⅱ-Ongeramo ibintu bivanze nka Si na Cr kugirango utezimbere ubushyuhe nubushyuhe bwicyuma (ubushyuhe kuri 240-270 ℃) ni ingirakamaro mugukuraho burundu guhagarika umutima no kunoza imikorere bitagabanije gukomera;
Ⅲ-Ongeramo ibintu nka W kugirango ukore karbide zinaniza kunonosora ibinyampeke no kunoza ubukana.Ibyuma bikoreshwa cyane muburyo bukomeye ubukonje bukora burimo 6SiCr, 4CrW2Si, 5CrW2Si, nibindi.
3. Inzira zo Gukoresha Byuzuye Imikorere Yubukonje bukora Die Steel
Iyo ukoresheje ibyuma bya Cr12 cyangwa ibyuma byihuta nkibishushanyo mbonera bikonje, ikibazo kigaragara ni ubwinshi bwicyuma, gikunda gucika mugihe cyo gukoresha.Kugirango bigerweho, birakenewe gutunganya karbide hakoreshejwe uburyo buhagije bwo guhimba.Mubyongeyeho, amanota mashya yicyuma agomba gutezwa imbere.Intego yo guteza imbere ibyiciro bishya byibyuma bigomba kuba kugabanya karubone yibyuma numubare wa karibide ikora ibintu.
Ibyuma bya Cr4W2MoV bifite ibyiza nko gukomera cyane, kwihanganira kwambara cyane, no gukomera.Ifite kandi ubushyuhe bwiza butajegajega hamwe nuburyo bwuzuye bwubukanishi.Ikoreshwa mugukora ibyuma bya silicon bipfa, nibindi birashobora kongera igihe cyo kubaho inshuro zirenze 1-3 ugereranije nicyuma cya Cr12MoV.Nyamara, ubushyuhe bwo guhimba buringaniye bwicyuma buragufi, kandi burashobora gucika mugihe cyo guhimba.Ubushyuhe bwo guhimba nibisobanuro bigomba kugenzurwa cyane.
Cr2Mn2SiWMoV ibyuma bifite ubushyuhe buke bwo kuzimya, guhindura ibintu bito bito, no gukomera cyane.Birazwi nka deformasiyo ya micro yazimyegupfa ibyuma.
7W7Cr4MoV ibyuma birashobora gusimbuza ibyuma bya W18Cr4V na Cr12MoV.Ikiranga ni uko kudahuza karbide no gukomera kwibyuma byatejwe imbere cyane.
Igice2 -Gukora bishyushyegupfa ibyuma
1. Imiterere yakazi yubushyuhe bukora
Ibishushanyo bikora bishyushye birimo inyundo zo guhimba inyundo, ibishushanyo bishyushye, hamwe no gupfa.Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, ikintu nyamukuru kiranga imiterere yimikorere yubushyuhe bukora ni uguhuza nicyuma gishyushye, akaba ariryo tandukaniro nyamukuru ryimiterere yimikorere yubukonje bukonje.Kubwibyo, bizazana ibibazo bibiri bikurikira:
(1) Icyuma cyo hejuru cyumubyimba gishyushye.Mubisanzwe, iyo inyundo ipfuye ikora, ubushyuhe bwubuso bwurwobo rushobora kugera hejuru ya 300-400 and, naho ubushyuhe bushyushye bupfa bushobora kugera kuri 500-800 ℃;Ubushuhe bwumubyimba wapfuye bufitanye isano nubwoko bwibikoresho bipfa no gusuka ubushyuhe.Iyo ibyuma byirabura bipfuye, ubushyuhe bwikibumbano bushobora kugera hejuru ya 1000 ℃.Ubushyuhe bukabije bwo gukoresha buzagabanya cyane ubukana bwubuso nimbaraga zumubyimba wububiko, bigatuma bikunda kugabanuka mugihe cyo gukoresha.Ibikorwa byibanze bisabwa kugirango bishyushyegupfa ibyumani hejuru ya thermoplastique irwanya ubukana, harimo ubushyuhe bwo hejuru hamwe nimbaraga, hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa termoplastique, mubyukuri byerekana ubushyuhe bukabije bwicyuma.Guhera aha, inzira yambere yo kuvanga ibyuma bishyushye birashobora kuboneka, ni ukuvuga, kongeramo ibintu bivanga nka Cr, W, Si birashobora kuzamura ubushyuhe bwicyuma.
(2) Umunaniro ukabije (guturika) uboneka ku cyuma cyo hejuru cyurwobo.Ibikorwa biranga ibishushanyo bishyushye birahoraho.Nyuma ya buri cyuma gishyushye, ubuso bwumubyimba bugomba gukonjeshwa nibitangazamakuru nkamazi, amavuta, numwuka.Kubwibyo, imiterere yimikorere yubushyuhe ishyushye inshuro nyinshi kandi ikonjeshwa, kuburyo icyuma cyo hejuru cyurwungano ngogozi kizongera kwaguka ubushyuhe bwinshi, ni ukuvuga inshuro nyinshi guhangayikishwa no guhagarika umutima.Nkigisubizo, ubuso bwububiko bwububiko buzacika, ibyo bita umunaniro wumuriro.Kubwibyo, icya kabiri cyibanze gisabwa kubushyuhegupfa ibyumaishyirwa imbere, ni ukuvuga, ifite imbaraga nyinshi zo kurwanya ubushyuhe bwumuriro.
Muri rusange, ibintu byingenzi bigira ingaruka kumyuka yumuriro wumuriro wibyuma ni:
Conduct Ubushyuhe bwumuriro wibyuma.Ubushyuhe bukabije bwibyuma burashobora kugabanya urugero rwubushyuhe hejuru yicyuma cyo hejuru, bityo bikagabanya imyumvire yicyuma kumunaniro ukabije.Mubisanzwe abantu bemeza ko ubushyuhe bwumuriro wibyuma bifitanye isano nibirimo karubone.Iyo ibirimo karubone ari byinshi, ubushyuhe bwumuriro buri hasi, ntibikwiye rero gukoresha ibyuma bya karubone ndende kubikorwa bishyushyegupfa ibyuma.Ibirimo bike bya karubone mucyuma giciriritse (C0.3% 5-0,6%) bikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa, bishobora gutuma igabanuka ryimbaraga nimbaraga zicyuma kandi nacyo kibi.
Effect Ingingo y'ingenzi y'ibyuma.Mubisanzwe, hejuru cyane ingingo ikomeye (Acl) yicyuma, niko igabanuka ryumunaniro wumuriro.Kubwibyo, ingingo ikomeye yicyuma yiyongera muri rusange wongeyeho ibintu bivangavanga Cr, W, Si, na gurş.Gutyo rero kunoza umunaniro wumuriro wumuriro wibyuma.
2. Icyuma gikoreshwa muburyo busanzwe bukoreshwa
(1) Icyuma cyo guhimba inyundo kirapfa.Muri rusange, hari ibibazo bibiri byingenzi hamwe no gukoresha ibyuma byo kubumba inyundo.Ubwa mbere, ikorerwa imitwaro mugihe ikora.Kubwibyo, imiterere yubukanishi bwibyuma isabwa kuba ndende, cyane cyane kurwanya plastike ihindagurika no gukomera;Impamvu ya kabiri ni uko ingano yambukiranya inyundo yo gupfa inyundo ari nini (<400mm), bisaba gukomera kwicyuma kugirango microstructure imwe n'imikorere y'urupfu rwose.
Bikunze gukoreshwa inyundo yo guhimba ibyuma birimo 5CrNiMo, 5CrMnMo, 5CrNiW, 5CrNiTi, na 5CrMnMoSiV.Ubwoko butandukanye bwamaso yinyundo bigomba gukoresha ibikoresho bitandukanye.Kubinini binini cyangwa binini byo guhimba bipfa, 5CrNiMo irahitamo.5CrNiTi, 5CrNiW, cyangwa 5CrMnMoSi nayo irashobora gukoreshwa.5CrMnMo ibyuma bikoreshwa mubisanzwe bito kandi biciriritse inyundo yo guhimba ipfa.
.Kubwibyo, ubushyuhe bwubushyuhe bwububiko buri hejuru cyane, mubisanzwe bigera kuri 500-800 ℃.Imikorere isabwa kuri ubu bwoko bwibyuma igomba kwibanda cyane cyane ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru bwo hejuru (ni ukuvuga ubushyuhe bukabije) hamwe no kurwanya umunaniro mwinshi.Ibisabwa kuri AK no gukomera birashobora kugabanuka neza.Mubisanzwe, ubunini bwibishushanyo bishyushye ni bito, akenshi ntibiri munsi ya 70-90 mm.
Mubisanzwe bikoreshwa muburyo bushyushye burimo 4CrW2Si, 3Cr2W8V, na 5% Cr ubwoko bwakazi bushyushyegupfa ibyumas.Muri byo, 4CrW2Si irashobora gukoreshwa nkakazi gakonjegupfa ibyuman'akazi gashyushyegupfa ibyuma.Bitewe nuburyo butandukanye, uburyo butandukanye bwo kuvura ubushyuhe burashobora gukoreshwa.Iyo ukora ibicurane bikonje, ubushyuhe bwo kuzimya (870-900 ℃) hamwe no kuvura ubushyuhe buke cyangwa buciriritse;Iyo ukora ibishushanyo bishyushye, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwo kuzimya (mubisanzwe 950-1000 ℃) hamwe no kuvura ubushyuhe bwo hejuru.
(3) Icyuma cyo gupfa.Muri rusange, ibyangombwa bisabwa byibyuma bipfa gupfa bisa nkibiri kubushyuhe bushyushye, hamwe nubushyuhe bukabije hamwe no kurwanya umunaniro wumuriro nicyo kintu nyamukuru gisabwa.Ubwoko bw'icyuma rero bukunze gukoreshwa mubisanzwe ni kimwe nicyuma gikoreshwa mubishushanyo bishyushye.Nkibisanzwe, hakoreshwa ibyuma nka 4CrW2Si na 3Cr2W8V.Ariko, hariho itandukaniro, nko gukoresha 40Cr, 30CrMnSi, na 40CrMo kumwanya muto wo gushonga Zn alloy gupfa-guta;Kuri Al na Mg alloy bipfa gushushanya, 4CrW2Si, 4Cr5MoSiV, nibindi birashobora gutoranywa.Kuri Cu alloy bipfa gushushanya, ibyuma 3Cr2W8V bikoreshwa cyane.
Ababigize umwugaGupfa SteelShejuru - Icyuma cya Jinbaicheng
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-21-2023