1. Intangiriro kumuyoboro wibyuma
Umuyoboro w'icyuma udafite ingese ni irwanya ruswa, irashimishije mu bwiza, kandi n'umuyoboro urwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi ukoreshwa cyane mu mirima itandukanye.
Imiyoboro idafite ibyuma ikozwe mu byuma, chromium, na nikel. Ibintu bya chromium bitanga ibyuma bidafite ingese birwanya kwangirika bikora urwego ruto rwa oxyde hejuru yumuyoboro. Uru rupapuro rurinda umuyoboro ingese no kwangirika, bigatuma biba byiza gukoreshwa ahantu habi.
Ukurikije ibisubizo byubushakashatsi, imiyoboro idafite ibyuma iraboneka muburyo butandukanye. Ubwoko bumwe busanzwe burimo imiyoboro idafite icyerekezo, imiyoboro isudira, hamwe nimiyoboro ikonje. Impamyabumenyi y'imiyoboro idafite ibyuma irashobora gushyirwa mubyiciro byinshi, nka austenitis, ferritic, duplex, imvura ikomera, hamwe na nikel alloy.
Kurugero, imiyoboro ya austenitis idafite ibyuma, nka 304 (0Cr18Ni9), 321 (1Cr18Ni9Ti), na 316L (00Cr17Ni14Mo2), ikoreshwa cyane kubera kurwanya ruswa ikomeye, gukomera kwinshi, no gukomera cyane. Imiyoboro ya ferritic idafite ibyuma, nka 409, 410L, na 430, ifite imbaraga zo kurwanya ubushyuhe bwo hejuru ariko irwanya ruswa. Imiyoboro ya Duplex idafite umuyonga, nka 2205 na 2507, itanga imbaraga nyinshi kandi irwanya ruswa, bigatuma ikoreshwa mubidukikije byangirika cyane nkibidukikije byo mu nyanja.
Imiyoboro idafite ibyuma ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda nka chimique, peteroli, imiti, ibiryo, ingufu, ubwubatsi, indege, n’ikirere. Mu nganda zikora imiti, imiyoboro yicyuma ikoreshwa mu gutwara imiti yangiza. Mu nganda zibiribwa, zikoreshwa mugutunganya ibiryo no kubika kubera imiterere yisuku. Mu nganda zubaka, imiyoboro idafite ibyuma ikoreshwa muburyo bwo gushushanya no muri sisitemu yo gukoresha amazi.
Mu gusoza, imiyoboro idafite ibyuma ni ibikoresho byingenzi bifite imiterere yihariye ituma bikwiranye ningingo nyinshi zikoreshwa. Kurwanya ruswa, kurwanya ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, hamwe nubwiza bwubwiza bituma bahitamo gukundwa mubikorwa byinshi.
2. Ibyiciro by'ibikoresho
2.1 Umuyoboro wa Austenitike
Imiyoboro ya Austenitike idafite ibyuma bizwiho kurwanya ruswa nziza, gukomera kwinshi, no kugaragara neza. Iyi miyoboro ifite isura-yibanze ya cubic kristal. Ibikoresho nka 304 (0Cr18Ni9), 321 (1Cr18Ni9Ti), na 316L (00Cr17Ni14Mo2) bikoreshwa cyane. Ibintu bya chromium biri muri ibyo byuma bibaha kurwanya ruswa ikora urwego ruto rwa oxyde. Imiyoboro ya Austenitike idafite ibyuma irashobora gukoreshwa mubushyuhe butandukanye kandi irakwiriye gukoreshwa mubikorwa bitandukanye nkimiti, ibiryo, nubwubatsi.
2.2 Umuyoboro wa Ferritic Umuyoboro
Imiyoboro ya ferritic idafite ibyuma bigizwe ahanini nububiko bushingiye kumubiri bushingiye kumubiri. Ibikoresho bisanzwe birimo 409, 410L, na 430.Iyi miyoboro ifite imbaraga zo guhangana n’ubushyuhe bwo hejuru ariko ugereranije no kwangirika kwangirika ugereranije nicyuma cya austenitis. Bakunze gukoreshwa mubisabwa aho ubushyuhe bwo hejuru busabwa ariko ibidukikije ntabwo byangirika cyane. Ukurikije ibisubizo by’ubushakashatsi, ibyuma bidafite ingese birashobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bugera kuri 950 ° C.
2.3 Umuyoboro wa Duplex
Imiyoboro ya Duplex idafite ibyuma ifite imiterere ihuza ibyiciro bya austenite na ferrite. Ibikoresho nka 2205 na 2507 birasanzwe. Iyi miyoboro itanga imbaraga nyinshi kandi irwanya ruswa. Birakwiriye gukoreshwa mubidukikije-byangirika nkibidukikije byo mu nyanja. Duplex ibyuma bitagira umuyonga bifite imbaraga zumusaruro zishobora gukuba inshuro ebyiri icyuma gisanzwe kitagira umwanda, kugabanya imikoreshereze yibikoresho hamwe nigiciro cyo gukora ibikoresho.
2.4 Imvura igwa Gukomera Umuyoboro wibyuma
Imvura ikomera imiyoboro idafite ibyuma ikorwa muburyo bwo kuvura igisubizo gikomeye no gukomera kwimvura. Ibikoresho bisanzwe birimo 17-4PH na 15-5PH. Ibyo byuma bifite imashini nziza kandi birashobora gukomera no kuvura ubushyuhe. Bakunze gukoreshwa mubisabwa aho imbaraga nyinshi hamwe no kurwanya ruswa.
2.5Nickel Alloy Umuyoboro w'icyuma
Nickel alloy imiyoboro idafite ibyuma ifite ruswa nziza kandi irwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi. Ibikoresho nka Inconel 625 na Incoloy 800 bikoreshwa cyane. Iyi mavuta irimo umubare munini wa nikel, ibaha imitungo yabo isumba izindi. Barashobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi hamwe n’ibidukikije byangirika, bigatuma bikenerwa mu nganda zo mu kirere, imiti, na peteroli.
3. Gukoresha Umuyoboro w'icyuma
Imiyoboro y'icyuma idakoreshwa cyane mu miti, peteroli, imiti, imiti, ibiryo, ingufu, ubwubatsi, indege, icyogajuru n’izindi nganda kubera imiterere yabyo itandukanye.
3.1 Inganda zikora imiti
Mu nganda zikora imiti, imiyoboro yicyuma ningirakamaro mugutwara imiti yangirika. Kurwanya kwangirika kwicyuma kitagira umwanda bituma ubusugire bwumuyoboro kandi bikarinda kumeneka bishobora guteza umutekano muke nibidukikije. Ukurikije ibisubizo by'ishakisha, imiyoboro y'icyuma idafite ingese irashobora kwihanganira ibintu byinshi bya shimi, birimo aside, ibirindiro, n'umunyu. Kurugero, imiyoboro ya austenitike idafite ibyuma nka 316L ikoreshwa kenshi muruganda rutunganya imiti bitewe nuburyo bwiza bwo kurwanya ibidukikije.
3.2 Inganda zikomoka kuri peteroli
Mu nganda za peteroli, imiyoboro y'icyuma ikoreshwa mu gutwara peteroli, gaze, hamwe na hydrocarbone. Kurwanya ubushyuhe bwo hejuru hamwe nimbaraga zibyuma bidafite ingese bituma bikoreshwa mugutunganya inganda. Imiyoboro ya Duplex idafite ibyuma, hamwe nimbaraga zayo nyinshi hamwe no kurwanya ruswa, ni ingirakamaro cyane mubikorwa bya peteroli na gaze byo hanze aho ibidukikije bimeze nabi.
3.3 Inganda zimiti
Mu nganda zimiti, imiyoboro yicyuma ikoreshwa mugutwara ibiyobyabwenge nibindi bicuruzwa bivura imiti. Ibiranga isuku yibyuma bidafite umwanda bituma biba byiza gukoreshwa mubwiherero nibindi bidukikije. Imiyoboro y'icyuma idasukuye irashobora guhanagurwa byoroshye kandi igahagarikwa, bigatuma ubwiza bwibicuruzwa bitwarwa.
3.4 Inganda zikora ibiribwa
Mu nganda zibiribwa, imiyoboro yicyuma ikoreshwa mugutunganya ibiryo no kubika. Kurwanya ruswa hamwe nisuku yibyuma bitagira umwanda bituma umutekano uhura nibiryo. Imiyoboro y'icyuma nayo iroroshye kuyisukura no kuyitaho, ikubahiriza amabwiriza y’umutekano w’ibiribwa.
3.5 Inganda zingufu
Mu nganda zingufu, imiyoboro yicyuma ikoreshwa mumashanyarazi na sisitemu yingufu zishobora kubaho. Kurwanya ubushyuhe bwo hejuru hamwe nimbaraga zibyuma bidafite ingese bituma bikoreshwa mugukoresha amashyiga, guhinduranya ubushyuhe, hamwe nizuba. Kurugero, imiyoboro ya ferritic idafite ibyuma irashobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bugera kuri 950 ° C, bigatuma bikoreshwa mugukoresha amashanyarazi amwe.
3.6 Inganda zubaka
Mu nganda zubaka, imiyoboro idafite ibyuma ikoreshwa muburyo bwo gushushanya no muri sisitemu yo gukoresha amazi. Ubwiza bwubwiza hamwe nigihe kirekire cyicyuma kitagira umwanda bituma ihitamo gukundwa kububatsi n'abashushanya. Imiyoboro idafite ibyuma irashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugushigikira inyubako ninyubako.
3.7 Inganda zindege nindege
Mu nganda zo mu kirere no mu kirere, imiyoboro y'ibyuma ikoreshwa mu ndege no mu byogajuru. Imbaraga nini hamwe nuburemere bworoshye bwibyuma bitagira umwanda bituma bikoreshwa mugukoresha ibice bya moteri, sisitemu ya lisansi, nibikoresho byubaka. Nickel alloy imiyoboro idafite ibyuma, hamwe na ruswa nziza cyane hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru, akenshi bikoreshwa muribi bikorwa.
Mu gusoza, imiyoboro idafite ibyuma ni ibikoresho byingenzi mu nganda nyinshi bitewe nimiterere yihariye kandi itandukanye. Yaba itwara imiti yangiza, gutunganya ibiryo, cyangwa kubaka indege, imiyoboro y'ibyuma idafite umwanda igira uruhare runini mukurinda umutekano no gukora neza mubikorwa bitandukanye.
4. Umwanzuro
Imiyoboro idafite ibyuma ni ibikoresho bitangaje rwose hamwe ningamba nyinshi zikoreshwa mu nganda nyinshi. Ihuza ryabo ridasanzwe ryo kurwanya ruswa, kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, imbaraga, hamwe nisuku bituma bahitamo byingenzi mubice byinshi.
Mu nganda z’imiti, imiyoboro idafite ibyuma ituma ubwikorezi bw’imiti yangiza, burinda abakozi n’ibidukikije. Hamwe nubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ibintu bitandukanye byimiti, bigira uruhare runini mukubungabunga ubusugire bwibikorwa byo gutunganya imiti.
Inganda zikomoka kuri peteroli zungukirwa nubushyuhe bwo hejuru hamwe nimbaraga zicyuma kidafite ingese. Bizewe mu gutwara peteroli, gaze, na hydrocarbone, ndetse no mubidukikije bikabije. Imiyoboro ya Duplex idafite ibyuma, byumwihariko, ihabwa agaciro cyane kuramba no kurwanya ruswa.
Mu nganda zimiti, imiterere yisuku yimiyoboro yicyuma ningirakamaro kugirango habeho ubuziranenge bwibiyobyabwenge nibicuruzwa bya farumasi. Kuborohereza gusukura no kuboneza urubyaro bituma bahitamo guhitamo kubungabunga ibidukikije.
Inganda zibiribwa zishingiye kumiyoboro idafite ibyuma yo gutunganya no guhunika. Kurwanya kwangirika kwabo hamwe numutekano wo guhura nibiryo bituma baba ikirangirire mubikoni no muruganda rutunganya ibiryo. Kubahiriza amabwiriza yumutekano wibiribwa bigerwaho byoroshye hamwe nu miyoboro idafite ibyuma.
Inganda zingufu zikoresha imiyoboro idafite ibyuma mumashanyarazi na sisitemu yingufu zishobora kubaho. Kurwanya ubushyuhe bwo hejuru nimbaraga zabo nibyingenzi kubiteka, guhinduranya ubushyuhe, hamwe nizuba. Imiyoboro ya ferritic idafite ibyuma, hamwe nubushobozi bwabo bwo kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi, bifite agaciro mubikorwa bimwe na bimwe bikoreshwa mumashanyarazi.
Mu nganda zubaka, imiyoboro idafite ibyuma yongeramo ubwiza kandi burambye. Zikoreshwa muburyo bwo gushushanya no muri sisitemu yo gukoresha amazi, kimwe no gushyigikira imiterere mumazu no mubiraro.
Inganda zindege nindege ziterwa numuyoboro wibyuma bidafite indege nibigize ibyogajuru. Imbaraga zabo nini hamwe nuburemere bworoshye bituma bikenerwa kubice bya moteri, sisitemu ya lisansi, nibice byubaka. Nickel alloy imiyoboro idafite ibyuma, hamwe na ruswa nziza kandi irwanya ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, nibyingenzi muribi bisabwa.
Mu gusoza, imiyoboro idafite ibyuma ni ibikoresho byingirakamaro mu nganda zitandukanye. Akamaro kabo kari mubushobozi bwabo bwo kuzuza ibisabwa byihariye mubice bitandukanye, kurinda umutekano, gukora neza, no kuramba. Mugihe ikoranabuhanga rikomeje gutera imbere, ibyifuzo byumuyoboro wibyuma birashobora gukomeza gukomera, kandi nibindi bishya mubishushanyo mbonera no kubyaza umusaruro bizakomeza kwagura ibyifuzo byabo.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-31-2024